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Cosmos 开发资源整理收集

Awesome Cosmos

Cosmos 开发资源整理收集, 为 Cosmos 开发者导航

Cosmos 简介

Cosmos(准确来讲应该是 Cosmos Hub)是 Tendermint 团队推出的一个支持跨链交互的异构网络,目标是创建一个区块链互联网,允许大量自主且易开发的区块链互相扩展和交互。

Cosmos Hub 基于 Cosmos SDK 开发,用户也可以基于 Cosmos SDK 快速定制开发自己的链。 Cosmos SDK 则是构建在 tendermint core (采用拜占庭共识算法+pos)及 ABCI(Application Blockchain Interface)协议 之上,其实现了ABCI协议,同时把一些通用模块标准化,如staking(抵押机制)、slashing(惩罚机制)、IBC(跨链功能),账户accounts、治理、奖励&手续费等。

Cosmos & Tendermint

开发教程

Cosmos 生态项目

基于 Cosmos 的项目,目前已经有近百个,这里列举几个代表:

  • IRISnet - 为下一代分布式商业应用提供基础设施,区块浏览器

    IRISnet(IRIS Hub )是早期使用 Cosmos SDK 的项目(还贡献了部分代码),也是Cosmos在中国的技术和运营合作伙伴,IRIS Hub(类似Cosmos Hub)是 Cosmos网络中的第一个重要的区域性枢纽,Cosmos Hub 和 IRIS Hub 将直接连接。

  • 币安链 - 去中心化交易所

  • Loom PlasmaChain 以太坊Layer2 解决方案

  • Terra 稳定币

转载自:https://github.com/xilibi2003/wiki.blockchain

隐私/匿名币

隐私/匿名币

隐私权可以定义为"个人保留自己数据并不被未经允许地监测和记录的权利"。

隐私币可以实现全部或部分隐藏交易金额、发送方和接收方信息,还原数字货币的可替换性,同时保护持币者的隐私。伴随着数字货币市场进一步发展,隐私币的生态也逐渐壮大,目前形成 Monero、Dash、Zcash 三足鼎立的局面,并且在日常支付、隐私交易、资产储值甚至地下交易领域都有了一定的应用场景。

门罗币 XMR

完全隐私交易(对比其他隐私币),从可追溯性角度来看匿名性最好:发送接收方地址、交易金额都不可见,可公开查看地址为一次性临时地址,无法追溯过往交易。

Monero 于 2018.10.18 进行了 PoW 算法硬分叉升级,块大小和交易手续费都大幅下降,但交易量没有显著变化。

门罗官网

区块链浏览器

Monero Blocks

达世币 Dash

Dash 支持三种转账方式——类似比特币的普通转账、即时交易和匿名交易。
其中即时交易和匿名交易在第二层主节点网络进行:即时交易通过主节点网络投票仲裁和广播实现,不需矿工打包就可确认交易,延迟缩短至 1 秒;匿名交易通过主节点网络混币实现。

其技术特点,让其在小额线下支付上比较有优势。

达世币 官网
开发者文档

浏览器

测试网络

Dash Core钱包

Dash Core 钱包 源码

Zcash

Zcash 首次运用 zk-SNARKs 零知识证明技术验证交易有效性,其中2018.10.29 生效的 Sapling network 升级显著提升了匿名交易的效率。

用户可自由选择公开地址或隐私地址交易,当隐私交易需要运行全节点,成本较高。

Zcash 官网

Beam 和 Grin

他们都是应用 MimbleWimble 隐私协议的两个币。Grin 市值及交易量比Beam 大,

延伸阅读

干货 | 隐密交易的到来:深入 AZTEC 协议

转载自:https://github.com/xilibi2003/wiki.blockchain

跨链技术的分析和思考

前由

当前的区块链底层技术平台百花齐放,不同的业务、不同的技术底层的区块链之间缺乏统一的互联互通的机制,这极大限制了区块链技术和应用生态的健康发展。跨链的需求由此而来,本文通过分析几种主流的跨链方案探讨跨链技术的本质及相应的解决思路。

跨链的类型

跨链交互根据所跨越的区块链底层技术平台的不同可以分为同构链跨链和异构链跨链:同构链之间安全机制、共识算法、网络拓扑、区块生成验证逻辑都一致,它们之间的跨链交互相对简单。而异构链的跨链交互相对复杂,比如比特币采用PoW算法而联盟链Fabric采用传统确定性共识算法,其区块的组成形式和确定性保证机制均有很大不同,直接跨链交互机制不易设计。异构链之间的跨链交互一般需要第三方辅助服务辅助跨链交互。

主流跨链机制概述

截至目前,主流的区块链跨链技术方案按照其具体的实现方式主要分为三大类,分别是公证人机制、侧链/中继和哈希锁定:

  1. 公证人机制(Notary schemes): 公证人也称见证人机制,公证人机制本质上是一种中介的方式。具体而言,假设区块链A和B本身是不能直接进行互操作的,那么他们可以引入一个共同信任的第三方作为中介,由这个共同信任的中介进行跨链消息的验证和转发。公证人机制的优点在于能够灵活地支持各种不同结构的区块链(前提是公证人能够访问相关方的链上信息),缺点在于存在中心化风险

2.哈希锁定(Hash-locking): 哈希锁定技术主要是支持跨链中的原子资产交换,最早起源自比特币的闪电网络。其典型实现是哈希时间锁定合约HTLC(Hashed TimeLock Contract)。哈希锁定的原理是通过时间差和影藏哈希值来达到资产的原子交换。哈希锁定只能做到交换而不能做到资产或者信息的转移,因此其使用场景有限。

3.侧链/中继链(Sidechains / Relays): 侧链是指完全拥有某链的功能的另一条区块链,侧链可以读取和验证主链上的信息。主链不知道侧链的存在,由侧链主动感知主链信息并进行相应的动作。而中继链则是侧链和公证人机制的结合体,中继链具有访问需要和验证进行互操作的链的关键信息并对两条链的跨链消息进行转移。从这个角度看中继链也是一种去中心的公证人机制。

下面就这几种跨链方式的典型实现方式进行详细分析:

典型跨链机制实现分析

公证人机制

最传统的公证人机制是基于中心化交易所得跨链资产交换,这种跨链的方式比较单一,只支持资产的交换,如下图演示了Alice通过交易所,用比特币和Bob交换ETH的过程。

  1. Alice 通过交易所钱包将自己的比特币打入交易所地址;
  2. Alice 在交易所上挂上卖单1个BTC卖出20ETH价格;
  3. Bob需要将自己的ETH打入交易所的以太坊地址;
  4. Bob通过交易所挂出购买比特币的单子 20ETH买一个比特币;
  5. 交易所将Alice的卖单和Bob的卖单进行撮合;
  6. 交易所将Alice在交易所存储的1BTC 转移给Bob的比特币地址;
  7. 交易所将Bob在交易所存储的20ETH 转移给Alice的以太坊地址;

至此完成了Alice和Bob的BTC和ETH的交换(案例中省去了交易所的服务费)。通过该例子可以看出交易所的方式目前仅能够支持资产的交换,且资产交换的原子性、安全性完全由中心化的交易所保障存在较大的中心化风险。

除此之外还有一种著名的分布式账本技术Ripple,也是采用类似公证人的机制来解决全球金融机构之间的资产交换。Ripple的系统架构如上图所示,Ripple系统中交易通过网络中的验证者进行交易的验证,验证者验证的交易通过加密算法保护交易内容不能被验证着窥探从而保证交易的隐私性。

公证人机制的跨链技术实现简单,且能够比较灵活地支持不同类型的底层区块链体系。公证人机制的主要问题在于公证人机制的安全性保障完全由公证人系统保障。参与跨链的相关方需要对中间人给予较大的信任。

哈希锁定

哈希时间锁定(HTLC)最早出现在比特币的闪电网络,跨链资产交换支持一定数量的A链资产和一定数量的B链资产进行原子交换。哈希时间锁定巧妙地采用了哈希锁和时间锁,迫使资产的接收方在deadline内确定收款并产生一种收款证明给打款人,否则资产会归还给打款人。收款证明能够被付款人用来获取接收人区块链上的等量价值的数量资产或触发其他事件。

如下图所示,我们用一个例子来阐述如何使用哈希时间锁定进行跨链的原子资产交换,假设Alice和Bob有资产交换的需求,Alice想用1个BTC和Bob换20个ETH. 那么首先需要在两条链上设置哈希时间锁定合约,然后执行如下步骤:

  1. Alice 随机构建一个字符串s,并计算出其哈希 h = hash(s);
  2. Alice 将h发送给Bob的合约;
  3. Alice锁定自己的1个BTC资产,并设置一个较长的锁定时间t1, 并设置了获取该BTC的一个条件:谁能够提供h的原始值s就可以得到该BTC;
  4. Bob观察到Alice 合约中锁定了一个BTC, 然后Bob锁定自己的20个ETH资产,并设置一个相对较短的锁定时间t2, t2 < t1, Bob也设置了同样获取条件(谁提供h的原始值s就可以获取20个ETH);
  5. Alice将自己最初生成的字符串s 发送到Bob的合约里取得了20个ETH;
  6. Bob观察到步骤5中Alice的s值,将其发送给Alice的合约成功获取1个BTC; 至此Alice和Bob完成了资产的交换。

从上述的过程我们可以看出哈希时间锁定合约有一些约束条件

  • 进行跨链资产交换的双方必须能够解析双方的合约内部数据,例如s,例如锁定资产的证明等;
  • 哈希锁定的超时时间设置时需要保证存在时间差,这样在单方面作弊时另一方可以及时撤回自己的资产。

哈希锁定的思想运用在支付领域较多,例如闪电网络、雷电网络以及跨链资产转移协议Interledger等。但是哈希锁定目前看只适合偏资产或者关键数据的交换,甚至不支持转移因此其试用场景受限。

侧链/中继链

侧链

侧链是相对于主链而言的,最初的侧链提出是针对比特币做新特性的测试和研发。侧链相对主链而言能够验证和解析主链中的区块数据和账本数据。侧链实现的基础技术是双向锚定(Two-way Peg),通过双向锚定技术可以将数字资产在主链上进行锁定,同时将等价的资产在侧链中释放。相反当侧链中相关资产进行锁定时,主链上锚定的等价资产也可以被释放。

BTC-Relay是号称的史上第一个侧链,BTC-Relay是通过以太坊构建了一个比特币的侧链,运用以太坊的智能合约允许用户验证比特币的交易。这里我们仍然以Alice 1BTC和Bob的20ETH数字资产交换为例阐述相应原理:

  1. Bob将20ETH发送到BTCSwap的合约进行冻结;(该合约只要能够确认BTC网络上Bob接收到来自Alice 1BTC就自动将20ETH转给Alice)
  2. Alice 确认Bob冻结信息后,将1 BTC转给Bob比特币账户;
  3. BTC Relayer将比特币区块头推送到BTCSwap合约;
  4. Alice 接下来就可以调用relay tx;
  5. BTCSwap合约结合tx和BTC链的区块链进行SPV验证,验证通过则将20ETH转给Alice以太坊地址。

这种跨链的实现方式简单,但是BTC Relay需要额外的信任和维护成本,且智能合约内部的数据存储会有体积膨胀的问题。但是侧链的机制相对哈希锁定而言能够提供更多的跨链交互场景,侧链以及类SPV验证的思想适合所有跨链的场景。

中继链

中继链本质上算是公证人机制和侧链机制的融合和扩展,目前社区内最活跃的两个跨链项目Cosmos 和 Polkadot 采用的都是基于中继链的多链多层架构,其中Cosmos目前支持的是跨链资产交互而Polkadot则宣称提供任意类型的跨链交互,具体实现还有待观察。

Cosmos

Cosmos网络是一个多链混合的区块链网格结构,如下图所示,该网络中主要包括两种角色:
Hub: 用于处理跨链交互的中继链;
Zone: Cosmos中的平行链, Cosmos中平行链需要具备两个前提条件: 1. 快速确定性(fast finality), 这个特性由共识算法保障,也就是说Cosmos的跨链不直接支持PoW等概率确定模型的区块链; 2. 强监管性(Sovereignty):每个平行链都具有一组验证者能够决定其出块。

为了支持平行链之间的跨链互操作,Cosmos提出了一种跨链交互协议IBC(Inter-Blockchain Communication protocol), 并利用tendermint共识算法的即时确定性实现多个异构链之间的价值和数据传输。

首先我们以Chain A 到Chain B 转账10 token为例说明使用IBC的跨链交互: 1. 互相跟踪,也就是说如果A要和B进行跨链交易,那么A和B链需要分别运行相当于对方区块链的轻节点服务,这样互相可以实时接收到对方的区块头信息(方便后续执行类SPV验证); 2. A链上初始化IBC协议,冻结相关资产10 token, 并生成相应的证明发送给B区块链; 3. B链接收到相应的IBC消息,通过A链的区块头信息确定A确实进行相应的资产冻结,然后B链会生成等价值10 token的资产。
以上是使用IBC协议的两个平行链直接进行跨链的基本过程,如果区块链很多,那么这种方式的两两跨链复杂度会呈现组合级别增加。因此Cosmos网络又引入了一种Hub的中继链,所有的平行链都通过IBC连接到Hub,让Hub辅助跨链交易的验证和转移,目前Cosmos实现了一个官方的Hub称为Cosmos Hub(如前图所示)。
如下图所示是Cosmos 网络的详细架构图,Cosmos为方便平行链开发提供了基本服务CosmosSDK包括:共识、网络以及IBC协议等,这样基于Cosmos SDK开发的子链之间都能够方便地互相交互。此外对于非Cosmos SDK 开发的区块链需要使用Peg Zone进行桥接,如图中的Ethereum。

笔者认为Cosmos为跨链带来的最大贡献在于IBC协议的设计,IBC协议提供了一种通用的跨链协议标准。IBC的设计使得跨链交易可以在多个Hub之间进行安全路由和转发,类似目前互联网的TCP/IP 协议。但是遗憾的是目前的Cosmos设计也只能够支持资产的跨链,而且由于不同区块链的业务不同其共识速率的不一致也会影响跨链交易有效性的证明。

Polkadot

Polkadot也是一种集成平行链和中继链的多层多链架构,Polkadot区块链的整体架构图如下图所示,主要包含三种角色链和四种参与方:

三种链角色:

  1. 中继链(Relay chain): 中继链位于Polkadot的体系的核心地位,主要是为整个系统提供统一的共识和安全性保障;
  2. 平行链(Parachain): 在Polkadot中平行链负责具体的业务场景,平行链自身不具备区块的共识,它们将共识的职责渡让给了中继链,所有平行链共享来自中继链的安全保障,中继链是Polkadot组成的一部分;
  3. 桥接链:桥接链指的是非Polkadot体系之外的区块链,如Bitcoin, Ethereum, 这些区块链有自身的共识算法,它们通过不同的Bridge与Polkadot连接在一起进行跨链交互。

四种参与方:

  • 验证者(Validator): 验证者负责Polkadot的网络出块,会运行一个中继链的客户端,在每一轮区块产生中会对其提名的平行链出的块进行核验。当平行链的跨都被他们的子验证者集合确定好之后,验证者们会将所有平行链区块头组装到中继链的区块并进行共识。
  • 核验人(Collator): 帮助验证者收集、验证和提交备选平行链区块,维护了一个平行链的全节点。
  • 钓鱼人(Fisherman):钓鱼人主要靠检举非法交易或者区块以获取收益;
  • 提名人(Nominator): 拥有stake的相关方,维护和负责验证者的安全性。

Polkadot的特性包括两个,一个是共享安全性,一个是不需信任的跨链交互。这里的不需信任的跨链交互其实是和第一个特点共享安全性密切相关的,而且Polkadot的不需信任的跨链交互也主要是只其内部的平行链之间。

在Polkadot中如果parachain A 需要发送一笔交易到parachain B的过程如下:

  • A链将跨链交易放到自己的engress(每个平行链有一个消息输出队列engress 和一个消息输入队列ingress);
  • A链的Collator收集A链的普通交易以及跨链交易并提交给A链的验证者集合;
  • A链的验证者集合验证成功,将本次A链的区块头信息以及A链的engress内信息提交到中继链上;
  • 中继链运行共识算法进行区块确认以及跨链交易路由,中继链上的验证者会将A链的相应交易从A链的engress queue中移动到B链的ingress queue中。
  • B链执行区块,将ingress queue中相应交易执行并修改自身账本。

以上便是Polkadot跨链交易的主要步骤,由于所有平行链的共识同步发生(中继链区块示意图如下),因此跨链交易不会有诸如双花等安全性问题。

Polkadot 的平行链之间的跨链交换的安全性保障主要来自共享安全性这个特点,共享安全性使得跨链交易和普通交易同步发生也就不存在其他跨链场景中的双花等跨链数据不一致问题。其次Polkadot中的引入的特殊状态验证方法方便中继链进行跨链等消息的有效性验证。
值得一提的是Polkadot项目目前还处在项目初期,对于parachain的设计、Collator的协作以及Validator的共识、工作效率等都未完善。这种共享安全性的方式是否也限制了平行链自身的性能都还有待考证。

关于跨链技术的几点思考

综合以上的一些主流跨链场景和方案的分析,从跨链的概念以及需求上看跨链的本质其实就是 如何将A链上的消息M安全可信地转移到B链并在B链上产生预期效果。那么一个成功的跨链交互到底需要解决哪些问题呢?笔者认为主要有以下四个问题:

  1. 消息M的真实性证明,也就是说M是否确实是存在A链上的,也确实是A链发给B链的;
  2. 消息M的路由,如何让跨链消息安全跨系统路由;
  3. 消息M的有效性证明,这里的有效性是指来自A链的消息M如何让B链认可其抵达B链时状态仍然有效,比如转移的资产是否是冻结的,没有双花的,如果是状态那么是否在此期间未发生改变等;
  4. 消息M的执行结果证明,这个是指A链需要确认跨链操作是否成功,以及成功操作的相应回执。

那么针对这些关键本质问题,如何去处理呢?笔者设想未来的区块链应该在底层平台的设计之初就需要遵循统一的跨链协议标准,就像现在的操作系统对TCP/IP协议的支持一样。需要进行通用跨链的区块链至少要支持一下功能:

  1. 提供跨链消息的输入和输出口径,例如Cosmos和Polkadot的跨链队列;
  2. 提供跨链消息的真实性证明,区块链需要提供类似SPV的证明手段;
  3. 消息的有效路由需要构建跨链消息的统一格式,定义好消息的来源和去处以及消息内容,如Cosmos的IBC协议;
  4. 消息的有效性证明,区块链可能需要设计新的类似UTXO的可验证存储结构,方便做类SPV类验证,否则目前的基于KV的数据存储方式做有效性证明几乎不可能;
  5. 跨链执行结果证明,和有效性证明类似,需要全新的数据结构和运行算法支持。

除此之外,跨链系统的设计还需要考虑系统稳定性、可扩展性以及易升级性、容错等等,总而言之,真正的可信互联网建设艰辛蛮长,诸君共勉!

转载自:https://juejin.im/post/5c98ed76e51d4566b962628e

EOS区块结构、生产、打包、验证、存储等流程分析

Table of Content

总览

本文主要致力于EOS区块结构、生产、打包、验证、存储等流程分析,当然其他部分源码也有涉及,但在此不做详细讨论。

环境

Mac OS High Sierra 10.13.6
EOS源码版本1.2.1
CLion
CMake

预备知识

chain分析

blockchain基本数据结构

区块结构:

  1. block_header,定义在:libraries/chain/include/eosio/chain/block_header.hpp第7行
  struct block_header {
    block_timestamp_type             timestamp;            //区块产生时间
    account_name                     producer;             //区块生产者
    uint16_t                         confirmed = 1;        //dpos确认数
    block_id_type                    previous;             //前一个区块的头的hash值
    checksum256_type                 transaction_mroot;    //区块包含的transactions的merkel树根
    checksum256_type                 action_mroot;         //区块包含的actions的merkel树根,这些actions实际包含在transactions中
    uint32_t                         schedule_version = 0;
    optional<producer_schedule_type> new_producers;
    extension_type                   header_extension;
  }
  1. signed_block_header,定义在:libraries/chain/include/eosio/chain/block_header.hpp第45行
  struct signed_block_header : public block_header {
      signature_type producer_signature; //生产者的签名
  }
  1. signed_block,定义在:libraries/chain/include/eosio/chain/block.hpp 57行
  struct signed_block : public signed_block_header {
      vector<transacton_receipt> transactions; //区块包含的transactions执行后得到的回执
      extrension_type            block_extensions;
  }
  1. transaction_receipt_header,定义在:libraries/chain/include/eosio/chain/block.hpp 12行
  struct transaction_receipt_header {
      enum status_enum {
          executed   = 0,   //transaction成功执行,没有错误发生
          soft_fail  = 1,   //
          hard_fail  = 2,
          delayed    = 3,
          expired    = 4
      };

      fc::enum_type<uint8_t,status_enum> status;
      uint32_t                           cpu_usage_us;   //总CPU使用时间,单位为微秒
      fc::unsigned_int                   net_usage_words;//总网络使用量
  }
  1. transaction_receipt,定义在:libraries/chain/include/eosio/chain/block.hpp 33行
  struct transaction_receipt : public transaction_receipt_header {
    fc::static_variant<transaction_id_type,packed_transaction> trx; //已经执行过的transactions
  }
  1. transaction_header,定义在:libraries/chain/include/eosio/chain/transaction.hpp 30行
  struct transaction_header {
    time_point_sec               expiration;               //过期时间
    uint16_t                     ref_block_num = 0U;       //用于TaPos验证
    uint32_t                     ref_block_prefix = 0UL;   //用于TaPos验证
    fc::unsigned_int             max_net_usage_words = 0UL;
    uint8_t                      max_cpu_usage_ms = 0;
    fc::unsigned_int             delay_sec;
  }
  1. transaction,定义在:libraries/chain/include/eosio/chain/transaction.hpp 54行
  struct transaction : public transaction_header {
    vector<action>                 context_free_actions; //上下文无关的actions
    vector<action>                 actions;
    extension_type                 transaction_extensions;
  }
  1. signed_transaction,定义在:libraries/chain/include/eosio/chain/transaction.hpp 78行
  struct signed_transaction : public transaction {
    vector<signature>         signatures;
    vector<bytes>             context_free_data; //和context_free_action一一对应
  }
  1. packed_transaction,定义在:libraries/chain/include/eosio/chain/transaction.hpp 98行
  struct packed_transaction {
    enum compression_type {
      none  = 0,
      zlib  = 1
    }

    vector<signature_type>                  signatures;
    fc::enum_type<uint8_t,compression_type> compression;
    bytes                                   packed_context_free_data;
    bytes                                   packed_trx;
  }
  1. deferred_transaction,定义在:libraries/chain/include/eosio/chain/transaction.hpp 157行
  struct deferred_transaction : public signed_transaction {
    uint128_t                  sender_id;
    account_name               sender;
    account_name               payer;
    time_point_sec             execute_after;
  }
  1. action,定义在:libraries/chain/include/eosio/chain/action.hpp 60行
   struct action {
       account_name             account;
       action_name              name;
       vector<permission_level> authorization;
       bytes                    data;
   }
  1. pending_state,定义在:libraries/chain/controller.cpp 91行,这是区块生产过程和区块同步过程中一个非常关键的数据结构
   struct pending_state {
       maybe_session            _db_session; //数据库session,主要涉及undo,squash,push相关操作,使数据库undo_state处于正确状态
       block_state_ptr          _pending_block_state;
       vector<action_receipt>   _actions;   //transactions在执行过程中生成的action_receipt,会打包到区块中(finalize_block)
       controller::block_status _block_status;
   }
  1. block_header_state,定义在:libraries/chain/include/eosio/chain/block_header_state.hpp 11行
    这个结构定义了验证transaction所需的头部信息,以及生成一个新的block所需的信息

    struct block_header_state {
     block_id_type             id;//最近的block_id
     uint32_t                  block_num = 0;//最近的block的高度/值
     signed_block_header       header;       //最近的block header;
     uint32_t                  dpos_proposed_irreversible_blocknum = 0;//最新的被提出dpos不可逆的区块高度/值,需要dpos计算确认
     uint32_t                  dpos_irreversible_blocknum = 0;//最新的dpos不可逆区块高度/值,这个是已经确认了的
     uint32_t                  bft_irreversible_block = 0;    //bft不可逆区块高度/值
     uint32_t                  pending_schedule_lib_num;      //
     digest_type               pending_schedule_hash;
     producer_schedule_type    pending_schedule;
     producer_schedule_type    active_schedule;
     incremental_merkel        block_root_merkle;
     flat_map<account_name,uint32_t> producer_to_last_produced;
     flat_map<account_name,uint32_t> procuer_to_last_implied_irb;
     public_key_type                 block_signing_key;        //当前生产者的签名
     vector<uint8_t>                 confirm_count;
     vector<header_confirmation>     confirmations;
    }
  2. block_state,定义在:libraries/chain/include/eosio/chain/block_state.hpp 14行

    struct block_state : public block_header_state {
     signed_block_ptr              block;            //前一个block指针
     bool                          validated = false;
     bool                          in_current_chain = false;
    }
  3. 以上为EOS区块的关键数据结构,下面的分析都是围绕着以上的数据结构来进行的。数据结构之间的关系如下:

producer_plugin

producer_plugin实现了区块生产和区块同步的调用功能。
头文件定义在:plugins/producer_plugin/include/eosio/producer_plugin/producer_plugin.hpp
实现文件定义在:plugins/producer_plugin/producer_plugin.cpp

开始插件系统会调用producer_plugin::set_program_options函数进行相关程序项的设置:

  1. 生成config.ini文件(如果该文件不存在的话)
  2. 读取配置
    调用producer_plugin::plugin_initialize函数进行初始化工作:
  3. 初始化配置
  4. 设置信号函数

调用producer_plugin::plugin_start函数,主要完成的功能如下:

  1. 设置信号函数:
    my->_accepted_block_connection.emplace(chain.accepted_block.connect( [this]( const auto& bsp ){ my->on_block( bsp ); } ));
    my->_irreversible_block_connection.emplace(chain.irreversible_block.connect( [this]( const auto& bsp ){ my->on_irreversible_block( bsp->block ); } ));
  2. 获取最新的不可逆的区块号
  3. 进入生产区块的调度 producer_plugin_impl::schedule_production_loop

producer_plugin_impl::schedule_production_loop:

  1. 取消前一次的_timer操作:
    chain::controller& chain = app().get_plugin<chain_plugin>().chain();
    _timer.cancel();
    std::weak_ptr<producer_plugin_impl> weak_this = shared_from_this();
  2. 调用 result = start_block(bool &last_block),函数定义在plugins/producer_plugin/producer_plugin.cpp 882行:
    在该函数中:
  • 首先会取得chain::controller的引用chain,判断chain当前的数据库模式是否为db_read_mode::READ_ONLY,如果是则返回状态start_block_result::waiting;如果不是则将当前的_pending_block_mode设为pending_block_mode::producing:
    chain::controller& chain = app().get_plugin<chain_plugin>().chain();
    if( chain.get_read_mode() == chain::db_read_mode::READ_ONLY )
     return start_block_result::waiting;
  • 计算当前节点是否为生产节点,获取当前被调度的生产者的watermark和signature:
    last_block = ((block_timestamp_type(block_time).slot % config::producer_repetitions) == config::producer_repetitions - 1);
    const auto& scheduled_producer = hbs->get_scheduled_producer(block_time);
    auto currrent_watermark_itr = _producer_watermarks.find(scheduled_producer.producer_name);
    auto signature_provider_itr = _signature_providers.find(scheduled_producer.block_signing_key);
    auto irreversible_block_age = get_irreversible_block_age();
  • 进行一系列的条件判断:
    检查当前节点是否被允许生产、被调度的生产者是否在生产队列中等:
    if( !_production_enabled ) {
     _pending_block_mode = pending_block_mode::speculating;
    } else if( _producers.find(scheduled_producer.producer_name) == _producers.end()) {
     _pending_block_mode = pending_block_mode::speculating;
    } else if (signature_provider_itr == _signature_providers.end()) {
     elog("Not producing block because I don't have the private key for ${scheduled_key}", ("scheduled_key", scheduled_producer.block_signing_key));
     _pending_block_mode = pending_block_mode::speculating;
    } else if ( _pause_production ) {
     elog("Not producing block because production is explicitly paused");
     _pending_block_mode = pending_block_mode::speculating;
    } else if ( _max_irreversible_block_age_us.count() >= 0 && irreversible_block_age >= _max_irreversible_block_age_us ) {
     elog("Not producing block because the irreversible block is too old [age:${age}s, max:${max}s]", ("age", irreversible_block_age.count() / 1'000'000)( "max", _max_irreversible_block_age_us.count() / 1'000'000 ));
     _pending_block_mode = pending_block_mode::speculating;
    }
  • 调用controller::abort_block
  • 调用controller::start_block 这两个函数在后文详述。
  • 在调用controller::start_block之后,在controller_impl中就会生成一个全新的pending包含了最新生成的区块头部信息
    然后需要对新块进行transaction打包:
  • 清理过期的transaction:
      // remove all persisted transactions that have now expired
     auto& persisted_by_id = _persistent_transactions.get<by_id>();
     auto& persisted_by_expiry = _persistent_transactions.get<by_expiry>();
     while(!persisted_by_expiry.empty() && persisted_by_expiry.begin()->expiry <= pbs->header.timestamp.to_time_point()) {
        persisted_by_expiry.erase(persisted_by_expiry.begin());
     }
  1. 判断start_block返回值:
  • result == failed
    start pending block 失败,稍后再试.启动定时器_timer,等待50ms再次进入schedule_production_loop

     if (result == start_block_result::failed) {
     elog("Failed to start a pending block, will try again later");
     _timer.expires_from_now( boost::posix_time::microseconds( config::block_interval_us  / 10 ));
    
     // we failed to start a block, so try again later?
     //启动定时器,待会儿再试
     _timer.async_wait([weak_this,cid=++_timer_corelation_id](const boost::system::error_code& ec) {
        auto self = weak_this.lock();
        if (self && ec != boost::asio::error::operation_aborted && cid == self->_timer_corelation_id) {
           self->schedule_production_loop();
        }
     });
    }
  • result == waiting
    调用producer_plugin_impl::schedule_delayed_production

    if (result == start_block_result::waiting){
    
        //这里检查生产者队列是否为空和是否被允许生产
     if (!_producers.empty() && !production_disabled_by_policy()) {
        fc_dlog(_log, "Waiting till another block is received and scheduling Speculative/Production Change");
        schedule_delayed_production_loop(weak_this, calculate_pending_block_time());
     } else {
        fc_dlog(_log, "Waiting till another block is received");
        // nothing to do until more blocks arrive
     }
    
    }
  • _pending_block_mode == producint && result == successed
    启动定时器,在若干毫秒之后调用producer_plugin_impl::maybe_produce_block进行区块生产的完成工作,在这个时间段内当前节点收到的所有transaction都会被打进这个区块中。

    if (_pending_block_mode == pending_block_mode::producing) {
    
     // we succeeded but block may be exhausted
     static const boost::posix_time::ptime epoch(boost::gregorian::date(1970, 1, 1));
     if (result == start_block_result::succeeded) {
        // ship this block off no later than its deadline
        _timer.expires_at(epoch + boost::posix_time::microseconds(chain.pending_block_time().time_since_epoch().count() + (last_block ? _last_block_time_offset_us : _produce_time_offset_us)));
        fc_dlog(_log, "Scheduling Block Production on Normal Block #${num} for ${time}", ("num", chain.pending_block_state()->block_num)("time",chain.pending_block_time()));
     } else {
        auto expect_time = chain.pending_block_time() - fc::microseconds(config::block_interval_us);
        // ship this block off up to 1 block time earlier or immediately
        if (fc::time_point::now() >= expect_time) {
           _timer.expires_from_now( boost::posix_time::microseconds( 0 ));
        } else {
           _timer.expires_at(epoch + boost::posix_time::microseconds(expect_time.time_since_epoch().count()));
        }
        fc_dlog(_log, "Scheduling Block Production on Exhausted Block #${num} immediately", ("num", chain.pending_block_state()->block_num));
     }
    
     _timer.async_wait([&chain,weak_this,cid=++_timer_corelation_id](const boost::system::error_code& ec) {
        auto self = weak_this.lock();
        if (self && ec != boost::asio::error::operation_aborted && cid == self->_timer_corelation_id) {
           auto res = self->maybe_produce_block();
           fc_dlog(_log, "Producing Block #${num} returned: ${res}", ("num", chain.pending_block_state()->block_num)("res", res) );
        }
     });
    }
  1. producer_plugin_impl::maybe_produce_block,这个函数会调用producer_plugin_impl::produce_block完成区块生产:
    
    //确保在异常退出候,scheudle_production_loop依然能够正常进行下去
    auto reschedule = fc::make_scoped_exit([this]{
     schedule_production_loop();
    });

try {
//完成区块的finalize_block,区块签名,更新fork_db
produce_block();
return true;
} catch ( const guard_exception& e ) {
app().get_plugin().handle_guard_exception(e);
return false;
} catch ( boost::interprocess::bad_alloc& ) {
raise(SIGUSR1);
return false;
} FC_LOG_AND_DROP();

fc_dlog(_log, "Aborting block due to produce_block error");
chain::controller& chain = app().get_plugin().chain();
chain.abort_block();
return false;


  5. producer_plugin_impl::produce_block函数主要完成区块生产的主要工作包括:  
  * finalize_block:  
    更新资源限制  
    设置action merkle树根  
    设置transaction merkle树根
    ...在controller中有更详细说明
  * sign_block
   对block进行签名,防止被篡改
  * commit_block
   将新产生的区块加到数据库中,并将该区块广播出去。在controller有详细叙述

   ```cpp
   EOS_ASSERT(_pending_block_mode == pending_block_mode::producing, producer_exception, "called produce_block while not actually producing");
   chain::controller& chain = app().get_plugin<chain_plugin>().chain();
   const auto& pbs = chain.pending_block_state();
   const auto& hbs = chain.head_block_state();
   EOS_ASSERT(pbs, missing_pending_block_state, "pending_block_state does not exist but it should, another plugin may have corrupted it");
   auto signature_provider_itr = _signature_providers.find( pbs->block_signing_key );

   EOS_ASSERT(signature_provider_itr != _signature_providers.end(), producer_priv_key_not_found, "Attempting to produce a block for which we don't have the private key");

   //idump( (fc::time_point::now() - chain.pending_block_time()) );
   //完成块
   chain.finalize_block();
   //对块进行签名
   chain.sign_block( [&]( const digest_type& d ) {
      auto debug_logger = maybe_make_debug_time_logger();
      return signature_provider_itr->second(d);
   } );
   //提交块到数据库
   chain.commit_block();
   auto hbt = chain.head_block_time();
   //idump((fc::time_point::now() - hbt));

   block_state_ptr new_bs = chain.head_block_state();
   _producer_watermarks[new_bs->header.producer] = chain.head_block_num();

   ilog("Produced block ${id}... #${n} @ ${t} signed by ${p} [trxs: ${count}, lib: ${lib}, confirmed: ${confs}]",
        ("p",new_bs->header.producer)("id",fc::variant(new_bs->id).as_string().substr(0,16))
        ("n",new_bs->block_num)("t",new_bs->header.timestamp)
        ("count",new_bs->block->transactions.size())("lib",chain.last_irreversible_block_num())("confs", new_bs->header.confirmed));

至此producer_plugin中区块的生产流程已经介绍完毕,更详细的分析会在controller中体现出来。 总体时序如下:

![image](diagram/producer_sequence.png)

区块同步流程:

controller

producer_plugin在区块生产的过程中扮演着调度的角色,而实际工作是放在controller中来完成的,下面将纤细分析controller在区块生成过程中所扮演的角色功能:
上文说到在producer_plugin_impl::start_block函数中会调用controller::abort_block和controller::start_block两个函数,这里需要展示一下controller相关数据结构,controller的功能主要是在controller_impl中实现的,这里只列举关键部分:

struct controller {
    enum class block_status {
        irreversible = 0, //区块已经被应用,且不可逆
        validated = 1,    //区块已经被可信任的生产者签名,并已经应用但还不是不可逆状态
        complete = 2,     //区块已经被可信任的生产者签名,但是还没有被应用,状态为可逆
        incomplete = 3    //区块正在生产过程
    };

    //信号量集合
    signal<void(const signed_block_ptr&)>         pre_accepted_block;
    signal<void(const block_state_ptr&)>          accepted_block_header;
    signal<void(const block_state_ptr&)>          accepted_block;
    signal<void(const block_state_ptr&)>          irreversible_block;
    signal<void(const transaction_metadata_ptr&)> accepted_transaction;
    signal<void(const transaction_trace_ptr&)>    applied_transaction;
    signal<void(const header_confirmation&)>      accepted_confirmation;
    signal<void(const int&)>                      bad_alloc;

    private:
        std::unique_ptr<controller_impl>   my;
};

struct controller_impl {
    controller&                  self;
    chainbase::database          db;   // state db,主要是存储合约执行后的各种状态信息
    chainbase::database          reversible_blocks; //用来存储已经成功应用但是还是可逆状态
    block_log                    blog;
    optional<pending_state>      pending;   //保存正在生成的block信息,该结构在上文已经列出
    block_state_ptr              head;      //上一次block state信息,该结构在上文已经列出
    fork_database                fork_db;
    wasm_interface               wasmif;
    resource_limits_manager      resource_limits;
    authorization_manager        authorization;
    ...
    /**
    *  Transactions that were undone by pop_block or abort_block, transactions
    *  are removed from this list if they are re-applied in other blocks. Producers
    *  can query this list when scheduling new transactions into blocks.
    */

    /**transaction的撤销由pop_block或abort_block来完成。如果有其他块重新应用了这些事物,则需要从该列表中将其删除。
    * 当新transaction被调度成块是,用户可以查询列表。
    * 从后面的分析中可以看到,abort_block并没有完成撤销工作
    */
    map<digest_type,transaction_metadata_ptr> unapplied_transactions;
    .
    .
    .
}

controller的初始化工作是由chain_plugin::plugin_initialize函数来完成的:检查白名单、黑名单、灰名单,数据库目录、检查点、及命令行参数的检查,主要功能定义在:plugins/chain_plugin/chain_plugin.cpp 314行。
在chain_plugin中还负责相关channel的初始化工作。
然后chain_plugin::plugin_start函数会将controller启动,定义在:plugins/chain_plugin/chain_plugin.cpp 633行:

try {
   try {
       //controller启动
      my->chain->startup();
   } catch (const database_guard_exception& e) {
      log_guard_exception(e);
      // make sure to properly close the db
      my->chain.reset();
      throw;
   }

   if(!my->readonly) {
      ilog("starting chain in read/write mode");
   }

   ilog("Blockchain started; head block is #${num}, genesis timestamp is ${ts}",
        ("num", my->chain->head_block_num())("ts", (std::string)my->chain_config->genesis.initial_timestamp));

   my->chain_config.reset();
} FC_CAPTURE_AND_RETHROW()

在controller::startup中会调用controller_impl::add_index:
这个函数主要为controller_impl::reversible_block和db添加索引:

      //为reversible block建立索引
      reversible_blocks.add_index<reversible_block_index>();

      db.add_index<account_index>();
      db.add_index<account_sequence_index>();

      db.add_index<table_id_multi_index>();
      db.add_index<key_value_index>();
      db.add_index<index64_index>();
      db.add_index<index128_index>();
      db.add_index<index256_index>();
      db.add_index<index_double_index>();
      db.add_index<index_long_double_index>();

      db.add_index<global_property_multi_index>();
      db.add_index<dynamic_global_property_multi_index>();
      db.add_index<block_summary_multi_index>();
      db.add_index<transaction_multi_index>();
      db.add_index<generated_transaction_multi_index>();

      authorization.add_indices();
      resource_limits.add_indices();

上述结构在后文有详细说明;然后进行fork_db的初始化工作,设置controller_impl::head,使其处于正确的状态为后续的区块生产做准备工作,到这里区块的初始化基本完成了,下面就到了区块生产的环节了。

从上文我们知道producer_plugin::start_block最后会调用controller::abort_block和start_block两个函数,这两个函数最终会调用controller_impl::abort_block和controller_impl::start_block两个函数:
controller_impl::abort_block重置controller_impl::pending信息,使pending处于全新状态:

if( pending ) {

    //这里只是将_pending_block_state中的transaction重新放到unapplied_transactions中,并没有做撤销工作
    if ( read_mode == db_read_mode::SPECULATIVE ) {
    for( const auto& t : pending->_pending_block_state->trxs )
        unapplied_transactions[t->signed_id] = t;
    }
    pending.reset();
}

controller_impl::start_block函数接受三个参数:1.即将要产生的区块的时间戳when,2.区块确认数量confirm_block_count,3.区块当前的状态status:

  • 判断controller_impl::pending是否为初始状态,否则抛出异常

    EOS_ASSERT( !pending, block_validate_exception, "pending block already exists" );
  • 建立db session

     if (!self.skip_db_sessions(s)) {
         EOS_ASSERT( db.revision() == head->block_num, database_exception, "db revision is not on par with head block",
                     ("db.revision()", db.revision())("controller_head_block", head->block_num)("fork_db_head_block", fork_db.head()->block_num) );
    
         pending.emplace(maybe_session(db));
      } else {
         pending.emplace(maybe_session());
      }
  • 根据最近的controller_impl::head生成新的pending

    pending->_block_status = s;
    
    //这里会调用block_head::block_head(const block_header_state& prev, block_timestamp_type when)
    //然后调用block_state_head::generate_next根据传进来的时间戳when生成新的block_header_state(新块)
    //应为当前节点是正在出块的节点,所以在generate_next不需要对块进行完整性验证
    //在同步块的时候则需要调用next函数,并做完整性验证后面详述
    //generate_next代码定义在 libraries/chain/block_header_state.cpp 36行
    pending->_pending_block_state = std::make_shared<block_state>( *head, when ); // promotes pending schedule (if any) to active
    pending->_pending_block_state->in_current_chain = true;
  • 将出块action打进transaction并执行,然后清理过期的transactions更新生产者授权

        try {
            auto onbtrx = std::make_shared<transaction_metadata>( get_on_block_transaction() );
            onbtrx->implicit = true;
            auto reset_in_trx_requiring_checks = fc::make_scoped_exit([old_value=in_trx_requiring_checks,this](){
                  in_trx_requiring_checks = old_value;
               });
            in_trx_requiring_checks = true;
            push_transaction( onbtrx, fc::time_point::maximum(), self.get_global_properties().configuration.min_transaction_cpu_usage, true );
         } catch( const boost::interprocess::bad_alloc& e  ) {
            elog( "on block transaction failed due to a bad allocation" );
            throw;
         } catch( const fc::exception& e ) {
            wlog( "on block transaction failed, but shouldn't impact block generation, system contract needs update" );
            edump((e.to_detail_string()));
         } catch( ... ) {
         }
    
         clear_expired_input_transactions();
         update_producers_authority();

    至此controller_impl::start_block函数分析完毕,其主要功能就是根据当前head生成新块,并将出块action打进transaction中。
    在controller_impl::start_block函数执行完毕候,控制权就交还给producer_plugin_impl::start_block了,在上文有对应的分析,producer_plugin_impl::start_block最终会把控制权交给producer_plugin_impl::schedule_production_loop,在这个函数中会启动一个定时器,在延迟一段时间之后会调用proudcer_plugin_impl::maybe_produce_block,这个函数会调用producer_plugin_impl::produce_block这在上文都有分析到,在producer_plugin_impl::produce_block中会调用:
    controller::finalize_block,controller::sign_block和controller::commit_block三个函数来完成区块生产,区块签名,区块上链过程,下面来一次分析这三个函数:

  • controller::finalize_block
    这个函数主要是完成资源更新包括生产该区块所使用的cpu资源,带宽资源;设置action merkle树根;设置transaction merkle树根,创建block summary信息:

    resource_limits.process_account_limit_updates();
    const auto& chain_config = self.get_global_properties().configuration;
    uint32_t max_virtual_mult = 1000;
    uint64_t CPU_TARGET = EOS_PERCENT(chain_config.max_block_cpu_usage, chain_config.target_block_cpu_usage_pct);
    resource_limits.set_block_parameters(
        { CPU_TARGET, chain_config.max_block_cpu_usage, config::block_cpu_usage_average_window_ms / config::block_interval_ms, max_virtual_mult, {99, 100}, {1000, 999}},
        {EOS_PERCENT(chain_config.max_block_net_usage, chain_config.target_block_net_usage_pct), chain_config.max_block_net_usage, config::block_size_average_window_ms / config::block_interval_ms, max_virtual_mult, {99, 100}, {1000, 999}}
    );
    resource_limits.process_block_usage(pending->_pending_block_state->block_num);
    
    //设置action merkle树根
    set_action_merkle();
    
    //设置transaction merkle树根
    set_trx_merkle();
    
    auto p = pending->_pending_block_state;
    p->id = p->header.id();
    
    //根据block id生成 summary信息并放到数据库中
    create_block_summary(p->id);
  • controller::sign_block
    根据当前生产者提供的私钥签名函数对当前区块进行签名,并对做一次签名验证。

    auto p = pending->_pending_block_state;
    p->sign( signer_callback );
    static_cast<signed_block_header&>(*p->block) = p->header;

    block_header_state::sign(上面p->sign)定义如下:

    auto d = sig_digest();
    header.producer_signature = signer( d );
    EOS_ASSERT( block_signing_key == fc::crypto::public_key( header.producer_signature, d ), wrong_signing_key, "block is signed with unexpected key" );
  • controller::commit_block
    在详细分析这个函数之前需要先来分析一下fork_database这个类,它的结构如下:

    
    struct by_block_id;
    struct by_block_num;
    struct by_lib_block_num;
    struct by_prev;
    
    //建立一个基于block_state_ptr的多索引容器
    //by_block_id以block id为索引
    //by_block_num 以区块高度为索引
    //by_lib_block_num以最近的区块不可逆高度为索引
    //by_prev以前一个block id为索引
    typedef multi_index_container<
        block_state_ptr,
        indexed_by<
          hashed_unique< tag<by_block_id>, member<block_header_state, block_id_type, &block_header_state::id>, std::hash<block_id_type>>,
          ordered_non_unique< tag<by_prev>, const_mem_fun<block_header_state, const block_id_type&, &block_header_state::prev> >,
          ordered_non_unique< tag<by_block_num>,
              composite_key< block_state,
                member<block_header_state,uint32_t,&block_header_state::block_num>,
                member<block_state,bool,&block_state::in_current_chain>
              >,
              composite_key_compare< std::less<uint32_t>, std::greater<bool> >
          >,
          ordered_non_unique< tag<by_lib_block_num>,
              composite_key< block_header_state,
                  member<block_header_state,uint32_t,&block_header_state::dpos_irreversible_blocknum>,
                  member<block_header_state,uint32_t,&block_header_state::bft_irreversible_blocknum>,
                  member<block_header_state,uint32_t,&block_header_state::block_num>
              >,
              composite_key_compare< std::greater<uint32_t>, std::greater<uint32_t>, std::greater<uint32_t> >
          >
        >
    > fork_multi_index_type;
    struct fork_database_impl {
      fork_multi_index_type    index;
      block_state_ptr          head; //区块头
      fc::path                 datadir; //存储路径
    }
    
    class fork_database {
    public:
      //这里列举关键函数,详细定义参见 libraries/chain/include/eosio/chain/fork_database.hpp
    
      //根据区块id获取block_state信息
      block_state_ptr get_block(const block_id_type &id) const;
      //根据区块高度从当前链中获取block_state信息
      block_state_ptr get_block_in_current_chain_by_num(uint32_t num) const;
    
      //提供一个“有效的”区块状态,有可能以此建立分支
      void set(block_state_ptr s);
    
      block_state_ptr add(signed_block_ptr b,bool trust = false);
    
      block_state_ptr add(block_state_ptr next_block);
      void remove(const block_id_type &id);
      void add(const header_confirmation &c);
      const block_state_ptr &head() const;
    
      //根据两个头block,获取两个分支(两个分支有共同的祖先,即两个头部的previous的值相同)
      pair<branch_type,branch_type> fetch_branch_from(const block_id_type &first,const block_id_type &second) const;
    
      //若该区块为invalid,将会从数据库中删除。若为valid,在发射irreversible信号后,所有比LIB大的block将会被修正
      void set_validity(const block_state_ptr &h,bool valid);
      void mark_in_current_chain(const block_state_ptr &h,bool in_current_chain);
      void prune(const block_state_ptr&);
    
      signal<void(block_state_ptr)>    irreversible;
    
    private:
      void set_bft_irreversible(block_id_type id);
      unique_ptr<for_database_impl> my;
    }
  回到controller_impl::commit_block,该接受一个bool参数,该参数表示是否需要将controller_impl::pending->_pending_block_state加入fork_database,如果是则将pending->_pending_block_state->validated设为true,然后调用fork_database::add(block_state_ptr)将该块加入数据库,然后会根据当前的block_state进行数据库数据修正(后文fork_database部分有详细分析),然后检查是否正在重演该区块,如果否则将其加入可以缓存reversible_blocks,发射accept_block信号,该信号会调用net_plugin_impl::accept_block,函数,这些信号量的设置定义在plugins/net_plugin/net_plugin.cpp 3017行:
  ```cpp
    chain::controller&cc = my->chain_plug->chain();
    {
        cc.accepted_block_header.connect( boost::bind(&net_plugin_impl::accepted_block_header, my.get(), _1));
        cc.accepted_block.connect(  boost::bind(&net_plugin_impl::accepted_block, my.get(), _1));
        cc.irreversible_block.connect( boost::bind(&net_plugin_impl::irreversible_block, my.get(), _1));
        cc.accepted_transaction.connect( boost::bind(&net_plugin_impl::accepted_transaction, my.get(), _1));
        cc.applied_transaction.connect( boost::bind(&net_plugin_impl::applied_transaction, my.get(), _1));
        cc.accepted_confirmation.connect( boost::bind(&net_plugin_impl::accepted_confirmation, my.get(), _1));
    }

commit_block关键代码如下:

    try {
        if (add_to_fork_db) {
          pending->_pending_block_state->validated = true;
          auto new_bsp = fork_db.add(pending->_pending_block_state);
          emit(self.accepted_block_header, pending->_pending_block_state);

          //更新head到最新生成的区块头
          head = fork_db.head();
          EOS_ASSERT(new_bsp == head, fork_database_exception, "committed block did not become the new head in fork database");
        }

        if( !replaying ) {
          reversible_blocks.create<reversible_block_object>( [&]( auto& ubo ) {
              ubo.blocknum = pending->_pending_block_state->block_num;
              ubo.set_block( pending->_pending_block_state->block );
          });
        }

        emit( self.accepted_block, pending->_pending_block_state );
    } catch (...) {
        // dont bother resetting pending, instead abort the block
        reset_pending_on_exit.cancel();
        abort_block();
        throw;
    }

至此controller_impl::commit_block工作完成。控制权回到producer_plugin_impl::produce_block,一次block生产调度就完成了,然后进入下一次调度。

fork_database分析:
结构如下:


    struct by_block_id;
    struct by_block_num;
    struct by_lib_block_num;
    struct by_prev;

    //建立一个基于block_state_ptr的多索引容器
    //by_block_id以block id为索引
    //by_block_num 以区块高度为索引,组合键<block_num,in_current_chain>,降序
    //by_lib_block_num以最近的区块不可逆高度为索引,组合键<dpos_irreversible_blocknum,bft_irreversible_blocknum,block_num>,升序
    //by_prev以前一个block id为索引
    typedef multi_index_container<
        block_state_ptr,
        indexed_by<
          hashed_unique< tag<by_block_id>, member<block_header_state, block_id_type, &block_header_state::id>, std::hash<block_id_type>>,
          ordered_non_unique< tag<by_prev>, const_mem_fun<block_header_state, const block_id_type&, &block_header_state::prev> >,
          ordered_non_unique< tag<by_block_num>,
              composite_key< block_state,
                member<block_header_state,uint32_t,&block_header_state::block_num>,
                member<block_state,bool,&block_state::in_current_chain>
              >,
              composite_key_compare< std::less<uint32_t>, std::greater<bool> >
          >,
          ordered_non_unique< tag<by_lib_block_num>,
              composite_key< block_header_state,
                  member<block_header_state,uint32_t,&block_header_state::dpos_irreversible_blocknum>,
                  member<block_header_state,uint32_t,&block_header_state::bft_irreversible_blocknum>,
                  member<block_header_state,uint32_t,&block_header_state::block_num>
              >,
              composite_key_compare< std::greater<uint32_t>, std::greater<uint32_t>, std::greater<uint32_t> >
          >
        >
    > fork_multi_index_type;
    struct fork_database_impl {
      fork_multi_index_type    index;
      block_state_ptr          head; //区块头
      fc::path                 datadir; //存储路径
    }

    class fork_database {
    public:
      //这里列举关键函数,详细定义参见 libraries/chain/include/eosio/chain/fork_database.hpp

      //根据区块id获取block_state信息
      block_state_ptr get_block(const block_id_type &id) const;
      //根据区块高度从当前链中获取block_state信息
      block_state_ptr get_block_in_current_chain_by_num(uint32_t num) const;

      //提供一个“有效的”区块状态,有可能以此建立分支
      void set(block_state_ptr s);

      block_state_ptr add(signed_block_ptr b,bool trust = false);

      block_state_ptr add(block_state_ptr next_block);
      void remove(const block_id_type &id);
      void add(const header_confirmation &c);
      const block_state_ptr &head() const;

      //根据两个头block,获取两个分支(两个分支有共同的祖先,即两个头部的previous的值相同)
      pair<branch_type,branch_type> fetch_branch_from(const block_id_type &first,const block_id_type &second) const;

      //若该区块为invalid,将会从数据库中删除。若为valid,在发射irreversible信号后,所有比LIB大的block将会被修正
      void set_validity(const block_state_ptr &h,bool valid);
      void mark_in_current_chain(const block_state_ptr &h,bool in_current_chain);
      void prune(const block_state_ptr&);

      signal<void(block_state_ptr)>    irreversible;

    private:
      void set_bft_irreversible(block_id_type id);
      unique_ptr<for_database_impl> my;
    }

下面一次解释每个函数的实现:

  1. void fork_database::set(block_state_ptr s)

    //将s插入多索引容器中
    auto result = my->index.insert( s );
     EOS_ASSERT( s->id == s->header.id(), fork_database_exception, 
                 "block state id (${id}) is different from block state header id (${hid})", ("id", string(s->id))("hid", string(s->header.id())) );
    
        //FC_ASSERT( s->block_num == s->header.block_num() );
    
     EOS_ASSERT( result.second, fork_database_exception, "unable to insert block state, duplicate state detected" );
    
     //更新head状态
     if( !my->head ) {
        my->head =  s;
     } else if( my->head->block_num < s->block_num ) {
        my->head =  s;
     }

transaction执行,涉及到的关键数据结构如下:


    struct action_receipt {
      account_name        receiver;                //执行该action的account
      digest_type         act_digest;
      uint64_t            global_sequence = 0;
      uint64_t            recv_sequence = 0;
      flat_map<account_name,uint64_t> auth_sequence;
      fc::unsigned_int    code_sequence;
      fc::unsigned_int    abi_sequence;
    };

    struct base_action_trace {
      action_receipt      receipt;
      action              act;
      fc::microseconds    elapsed;
      uint64_t            cpu_usage = 0;
      string              console;
      uint64_t            total_cpu_usage = 0;
      transaction_id_type trx_id;
    }

    struct action_trace : public base_action_trace {
      vector<action_trace> inline_traces;
    }

    struct transaction_trace {
      transaction_id_type                      id;
      fc::optional<transaction_receipt_header> receipt;
      fc::microseconds                         elapsed;
      uint64_t                                 net_usage;
      bool                                     scheduled = false;
      vector<action_trace>                     action_traces;
      transaction_trace_ptr                    failed_dtrx_trace;
      fc::optional<fc::exception>              except;
      std::exception_ptr                       except_ptr;
    }

一个transaction是由一个或多个action组成的,这些action如果又一个失败了,那么该transaction也就失败了,已经执行过的action需要回滚。每个transaction必须在30ms内完成,如果一个包含了多个action且这些action执行时间总和超过30ms,则整个transaction失败。

chainbase分析

database基本数据结构

和数据库相关的数据结构均派生自 struct object,结构如下:

  template<typename T>
    class oid {
    public:
        oid( int64_t i = 0 ):_id{i}{}
        oid& operator++() {
            ++_id;
            return *this;
        }

        friend bool operator < ( const oid& a,const oid& b ) {
            return a._id < b._id;
        }

        friend bool operator > ( const oid& a,const oid& b ) {
            return a._id > b._id;
        }

        friend bool operator == ( const oid& a,const oid& b ) {
            return a._id == b._id;
        }

        friend bool operator != ( const oid& a,const oid& b ) {
            return a._id != b._id;
        }

        friend std::ostream& operator << ( std::ostream& s,const oid& id ) {
            s << boost::core::demangle( typeid( oid<T> ).name() ) << '(' << id._id << ')';
            return s;
        }

        int64_t _id;
    };
    template<uint16_t TypeNumber,typename Derived>
    struct object {
      typedef oid<Derived> id_type;
      static const uint16_t type_id = TypeNumber; //类型标识
    };

数据库的索引是通过元编程来实现的,每一种数据类型都有一个唯一id作为标识。程序在运行过程中要产生27个数据表:

  1. account_object:
    保存账户信息,结构如下:

     class account_object : public chainbase::object<account_object_type,account_objct> {
       OBJECT_CTOR(account_object,(code)(abi))
       id_type              id;
       account_name         name;                  //账户名称base32编码
       uint8_t              vm_type      = 0;      // vm_type
       uint8_t              vm_version   = 0;      // vm_version
       bool                 privileged   = false;  // 是否优先
    
       time_point           last_code_update;      //上次参与权限验证的时间
       digest_type          code_version;
       block_timestamp_type creation_date;         //创建时间
    
       shared_string  code;
       shared_string  abi;
    
       void set_abi( const eosio::chain::abi_def& a ) {
         abi.resize( fc::raw::pack_size( a ) );
         fc::datastream<char*> ds( abi.data(), abi.size() );
         fc::raw::pack( ds, a );
       }
    
       eosio::chain::abi_def get_abi()const {
         eosio::chain::abi_def a;
         EOS_ASSERT( abi.size() != 0, abi_not_found_exception, "No ABI set on account ${n}", ("n",name) );
    
         fc::datastream<const char*> ds( abi.data(), abi.size() );
         fc::raw::unpack( ds, a );
         return a;
       }
     };

    其中宏OBJECT_CTOR(account_object,(code)(abi))展开如下:

     account_object() = delete; 
     public: 
     template<typename Constructor, typename Allocator> 
     account_object(Constructor&& c, chainbase::allocator<Allocator> a) : id(0) ,code(a) ,abi(a) { c(*this); }

    该结构保存了账户的信息,对应的多索引容器为:

     struct by_name;
     using account_index = chainbase::shared_multi_index_container<
         account_object,
         indexed_by<
           ordered_unique<tag<by_id>, member<account_object, account_object::id_type, &account_object::id>>,
           ordered_unique<tag<by_name>, member<account_object, account_name, &account_object::name>>
         >
     >;

    创建一个账户的函数调用在libraries/chain/eos_contract.cpp void apply_eosio_newaccount(apply_context& context)函数中.

  2. account_sequence_object
    这个结构用来存储和账户相关的序列数据,具体结构如下:

     class account_sequence_object : public chainbase::object<account_sequence_object_type, account_sequence_object>
     {
         OBJECT_CTOR(account_sequence_object);
    
         id_type      id;
         account_name name;
         uint64_t     recv_sequence = 0;
         uint64_t     auth_sequence = 0;
         uint64_t     code_sequence = 0;
         uint64_t     abi_sequence  = 0;
     };

    对应的多索引容器如下:

     struct by_name;
     using account_sequence_index = chainbase::shared_multi_index_container<
         account_sequence_object,
         indexed_by<
           ordered_unique<tag<by_id>, member<account_sequence_object, account_sequence_object::id_type, &account_sequence_object::id>>,
           ordered_unique<tag<by_name>, member<account_sequence_object, account_name, &account_sequence_object::name>>
         >
     >;
  3. permission_object
    用来存储授权相关信息,具体结构如下:

     class permission_object : public chainbase::object<permission_object_type, permission_object> {
     OBJECT_CTOR(permission_object, (auth) )
    
       id_type                           id;
       permission_usage_object::id_type  usage_id;
       id_type                           parent; ///< parent permission
       account_name                      owner; ///< the account this permission belongs to
       permission_name                   name; ///< human-readable name for the permission
       time_point                        last_updated; ///< the last time this authority was updated
       shared_authority                  auth; ///< authority required to execute this permission
    
       /**
       * @brief Checks if this permission is equivalent or greater than other
       * @tparam Index The permission_index
       * @return true if this permission is equivalent or greater than other, false otherwise
       *
       * Permissions are organized hierarchically such that a parent permission is strictly more powerful than its
       * children/grandchildren. This method checks whether this permission is of greater or equal power (capable of
       * satisfying) permission @ref other.
       */
       template <typename Index>
       bool satisfies(const permission_object& other, const Index& permission_index) const {
         // If the owners are not the same, this permission cannot satisfy other
         if( owner != other.owner )
             return false;
    
         // If this permission matches other, or is the immediate parent of other, then this permission satisfies other
         if( id == other.id || id == other.parent )
             return true;
    
         // Walk up other's parent tree, seeing if we find this permission. If so, this permission satisfies other
         const permission_object* parent = &*permission_index.template get<by_id>().find(other.parent);
         while( parent ) {
             if( id == parent->parent )
               return true;
             if( parent->parent._id == 0 )
               return false;
             parent = &*permission_index.template get<by_id>().find(parent->parent);
         }
         // This permission is not a parent of other, and so does not satisfy other
         return false;
       }
     };

    对应的多索引容器为:

       struct by_parent;
       struct by_owner;
       struct by_name;
       using permission_index = chainbase::shared_multi_index_container<
           permission_object,
           indexed_by<
             ordered_unique<tag<by_id>, member<permission_object, permission_object::id_type, &permission_object::id>>,
             ordered_unique<tag<by_parent>,
                 composite_key<permission_object,
                   member<permission_object, permission_object::id_type, &permission_object::parent>,
                   member<permission_object, permission_object::id_type, &permission_object::id>
                 >
             >,
             ordered_unique<tag<by_owner>,
                 composite_key<permission_object,
                   member<permission_object, account_name, &permission_object::owner>,
                   member<permission_object, permission_name, &permission_object::name>
                 >
             >,
             ordered_unique<tag<by_name>,
                 composite_key<permission_object,
                   member<permission_object, permission_name, &permission_object::name>,
                   member<permission_object, permission_object::id_type, &permission_object::id>
                 >
             >
           >
       >;
  4. permission_usage_object
    保存了授权的使用信息,具体结构如下:

    class permission_usage_object : public chainbase::object<permission_usage_object_type, permission_usage_object> {
     OBJECT_CTOR(permission_usage_object)
    
     id_type           id;
     time_point        last_used;   ///< when this permission was last used
    };

    对应的多索引容器为:

    struct by_account_permission;
    using permission_usage_index = chainbase::shared_multi_index_container<
       permission_usage_object,
       indexed_by<
         ordered_unique<tag<by_id>, member<permission_usage_object, permission_usage_object::id_type, &permission_usage_object::id>>
       >
    >;
  5. permission_link_object
    这个类记录了contract 和 action之间的permission_object的链接,以记录这些contract在执行的过程中所需要的权限

    class permission_link_object : public chainbase::object<permission_link_object_type, permission_link_object> {
       OBJECT_CTOR(permission_link_object)
    
       id_type        id;
       /// The account which is defining its permission requirements
       account_name    account;
       /// The contract which account requires @ref required_permission to invoke
       account_name    code; /// TODO: rename to scope
       /// The message type which account requires @ref required_permission to invoke
       /// May be empty; if so, it sets a default @ref required_permission for all messages to @ref code
       action_name       message_type;
       /// The permission level which @ref account requires for the specified message types
       permission_name required_permission;
    };

    对应的索引如下:

    struct by_action_name;
    struct by_permission_name;
    using permission_link_index = chainbase::shared_multi_index_container<
     permission_link_object,
     indexed_by<
        ordered_unique<tag<by_id>,
           BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER(permission_link_object, permission_link_object::id_type, id)
        >,
        ordered_unique<tag<by_action_name>,
           composite_key<permission_link_object,
              BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER(permission_link_object, account_name, account),
              BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER(permission_link_object, account_name, code),
              BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER(permission_link_object, action_name, message_type)
           >
        >,
        ordered_unique<tag<by_permission_name>,
           composite_key<permission_link_object,
              BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER(permission_link_object, account_name, account),
              BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER(permission_link_object, permission_name, required_permission),
              BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER(permission_link_object, account_name, code),
              BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER(permission_link_object, action_name, message_type)
           >
        >
     >
    >;
  6. key_value_object
    结构如下:

       struct key_value_object : public chainbase::object<key_value_object_type, key_value_object> {
         OBJECT_CTOR(key_value_object, (value))
    
         typedef uint64_t key_type;
         static const int number_of_keys = 1;
    
         id_type               id;
         table_id              t_id;
         uint64_t              primary_key; //主键
         account_name          payer = 0;
         shared_string         value;      //值
       };

    对应的索引:

         using key_value_index = chainbase::shared_multi_index_container<
         key_value_object,
         indexed_by<
           ordered_unique<tag<by_id>, member<key_value_object, key_value_object::id_type, &key_value_object::id>>,
           ordered_unique<tag<by_scope_primary>,
               composite_key< key_value_object,
                 member<key_value_object, table_id, &key_value_object::t_id>,
                 member<key_value_object, uint64_t, &key_value_object::primary_key>
               >,
               composite_key_compare< std::less<table_id>, std::less<uint64_t> >
           >
         >
     >;
  7. index64_object
    是基于多索引容器建立的一个二级索引,定义如下:

    typedef secondary_index<uint64_t,index64_object_type>::index_object   index64_object;
    typedef secondary_index<uint64_t,index64_object_type>::index_index    index64_index;
  8. index128_object
    同上

  9. index256_object
    同上

  10. index_double_object
    同上

  11. index_long_double_object
    同上

  12. global_property_object
    存储了初始设定的值,用来调用块参数:

    class global_property_object : public chainbase::object<global_property_object_type, global_property_object>
    {
     OBJECT_CTOR(global_property_object, (proposed_schedule))
    
     id_type                           id;
     optional<block_num_type>          proposed_schedule_block_num;
     shared_producer_schedule_type     proposed_schedule;
     chain_config                      configuration;
    };

    对应的索引:

    using dynamic_global_property_multi_index = chainbase::shared_multi_index_container<
     dynamic_global_property_object,
     indexed_by<
        ordered_unique<tag<by_id>,
           BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER(dynamic_global_property_object, dynamic_global_property_object::id_type, id)
        >
     >
    >;
  13. dynamic_global_property_object
    记录了区块链正常操作期间所计算的值,这些值反映了区块链的当前的全局的值:

    
    class dynamic_global_property_object : public chainbase::object<dynamic_global_property_object_type, dynamic_global_property_object>
    {
       OBJECT_CTOR(dynamic_global_property_object)
    
       id_type    id;
       uint64_t   global_action_sequence = 0;
    };
   对应的索引为:

using global_property_multi_index = chainbase::shared_multi_index_container<
global_property_object,
indexed_by<
ordered_unique<tag,
BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER(global_property_object, global_property_object::id_type, id)

;

14. block_summary_object  
block的一个简明信息,用于transaction的TaPos验证。结构如下:

class block_summary_object : public chainbase::object<block_summary_object_type, block_summary_object>
{
OBJECT_CTOR(block_summary_object)

      id_type        id;
      block_id_type  block_id;
};
```
对应的索引为:
```
struct by_block_id;
using block_summary_multi_index = chainbase::shared_multi_index_container<
    block_summary_object,
    indexed_by<
      ordered_unique<tag<by_id>, BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER(block_summary_object, block_summary_object::id_type, id)>
//      ordered_unique<tag<by_block_id>, BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER(block_summary_object, block_id_type, block_id)>
    >
>;
```
在controller::finalize_block函数中,会产生一个该结构的记录:
```
  set_action_merkle();
  set_trx_merkle();

  auto p = pending->_pending_block_state;
  p->id = p->header.id();

  create_block_summary(p->id); //创建一个block_summary

```
  1. transaction_object
    记录了transaction的过期时间,在该过期时间内,如果该transaction还没得倒确认,则会删除:

    class transaction_object : public chainbase::object<transaction_object_type, transaction_object>
    {
          OBJECT_CTOR(transaction_object)
    
          id_type             id;
          time_point_sec      expiration;
          transaction_id_type trx_id;
    };

    对应的索引为:

   struct by_expiration;
   struct by_trx_id;
   using transaction_multi_index = chainbase::shared_multi_index_container<
      transaction_object,
      indexed_by<
         ordered_unique< tag<by_id>, BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER(transaction_object, transaction_object::id_type, id)>,
         ordered_unique< tag<by_trx_id>, BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER(transaction_object, transaction_id_type, trx_id)>,
         ordered_unique< tag<by_expiration>,
            composite_key< transaction_object,
               BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER( transaction_object, time_point_sec, expiration ),
               BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER( transaction_object, transaction_object::id_type, id)
            >
         >
      >
   >;

在transaction执行的时候,会对收到的transaction做一个初始化工作,transaction_context::init_for_input_trx会调用该函数产生一个transaction_object记录:

    published = control.pending_block_time();
      is_input = true;
      if (!control.skip_trx_checks()) {
         control.validate_expiration(trx);
         control.validate_tapos(trx);
         control.validate_referenced_accounts(trx);
      }
      init( initial_net_usage);
      if (!skip_recording)
         record_transaction( id, trx.expiration ); /// checks for dupes
  1. generated_transaction_object
    结构如下:

    
    class generated_transaction_object : public chainbase::object<generated_transaction_object_type, generated_transaction_object>
    {
       OBJECT_CTOR(generated_transaction_object, (packed_trx) )
    
       id_type                       id;
       transaction_id_type           trx_id;
       account_name                  sender;
       uint128_t                     sender_id = 0; /// ID given this transaction by the sender
       account_name                  payer;
       time_point                    delay_until; /// this generated transaction will not be applied until the specified time
       time_point                    expiration; /// this generated transaction will not be applied after this time
       time_point                    published;
       shared_string                 packed_trx;
    
       uint32_t set( const transaction& trx ) {
          auto trxsize = fc::raw::pack_size( trx );
          packed_trx.resize( trxsize );
          fc::datastream<char*> ds( packed_trx.data(), trxsize );
          fc::raw::pack( ds, trx );
          return trxsize;
       }
    };
   对应的索引:

struct by_trx_id;
struct by_expiration;
struct by_delay;
struct by_status;
struct by_sender_id;

using generated_transaction_multi_index = chainbase::shared_multi_index_container<
generated_transaction_object,
indexed_by<
ordered_unique< tag, BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER(generated_transaction_object, generated_transaction_object::id_type, id)>,
ordered_unique< tag, BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER( generated_transaction_object, transaction_id_type, trx_id)>,
ordered_unique< tag,
composite_key< generated_transaction_object,
BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER( generated_transaction_object, time_point, expiration),
BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER( generated_transaction_object, generated_transaction_object::id_type, id)

,
ordered_unique< tag,
composite_key< generated_transaction_object,
BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER( generated_transaction_object, time_point, delay_until),
BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER( generated_transaction_object, generated_transaction_object::id_type, id)

,
ordered_unique< tag,
composite_key< generated_transaction_object,
BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER( generated_transaction_object, account_name, sender),
BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER( generated_transaction_object, uint128_t, sender_id)

;

17. producer_object  
结构如下:

class producer_object : public chainbase::object<producer_object_type, producer_object> {
OBJECT_CTOR(producer_object)

  id_type            id;
  account_name       owner;
  uint64_t           last_aslot = 0;
  public_key_type    signing_key;
  int64_t            total_missed = 0;
  uint32_t           last_confirmed_block_num = 0;


    /// The blockchain configuration values this producer recommends
    chain_config       configuration;
};
   对应的索引:

struct by_key;
struct by_owner;
using producer_multi_index = chainbase::shared_multi_index_container<
producer_object,
indexed_by<
ordered_unique<tag, member<producer_object, producer_object::id_type, &producer_object::id>>,
ordered_unique<tag, member<producer_object, account_name, &producer_object::owner>>,
ordered_unique<tag,
composite_key<producer_object,
member<producer_object, public_key_type, &producer_object::signing_key>,
member<producer_object, producer_object::id_type, &producer_object::id>

;

18. account_control_history_object
19. public_key_history_object
20. table_id_object
结构如下:

class table_id_object : public chainbase::object<table_id_object_type, table_id_object> {
OBJECT_CTOR(table_id_object)

    id_type        id;
    account_name   code;
    scope_name     scope;
    table_name     table;
    account_name   payer;
    uint32_t       count = 0; /// the number of elements in the table
};
   对应的索引:

struct by_code_scope_table;

using table_id_multi_index = chainbase::shared_multi_index_container<
table_id_object,
indexed_by<
ordered_unique<tag,
member<table_id_object, table_id_object::id_type, &table_id_object::id>

,
ordered_unique<tag,
composite_key< table_id_object,
member<table_id_object, account_name, &table_id_object::code>,
member<table_id_object, scope_name, &table_id_object::scope>,
member<table_id_object, table_name, &table_id_object::table>

;

21. resource_limits_object  
结构如下:

struct resource_limits_object : public chainbase::object<resource_limits_object_type, resource_limits_object> {

  OBJECT_CTOR(resource_limits_object)

  id_type id;
  account_name owner;
  bool pending = false;

  int64_t net_weight = -1;
  int64_t cpu_weight = -1;
  int64_t ram_bytes = -1;

};

   对应的索引:

struct by_owner;
struct by_dirty;

using resource_limits_index = chainbase::shared_multi_index_container<
resource_limits_object,
indexed_by<
ordered_unique<tag, member<resource_limits_object, resource_limits_object::id_type, &resource_limits_object::id>>,
ordered_unique<tag,
composite_key<resource_limits_object,
BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER(resource_limits_object, bool, pending),
BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER(resource_limits_object, account_name, owner)

;

22. resource_usage_object  
结构如下:

struct resource_usage_object : public chainbase::object<resource_usage_object_type, resource_usage_object> {
OBJECT_CTOR(resource_usage_object)

  id_type id;
  account_name owner;

  usage_accumulator        net_usage;
  usage_accumulator        cpu_usage;

  uint64_t                 ram_usage = 0;

};

   对应的索引:

using resource_usage_index = chainbase::shared_multi_index_container<
resource_usage_object,
indexed_by<
ordered_unique<tag, member<resource_usage_object, resource_usage_object::id_type, &resource_usage_object::id>>,
ordered_unique<tag, member<resource_usage_object, account_name, &resource_usage_object::owner> >

;

23. resource_limits_config_object  
结构如下:

class resource_limits_config_object : public chainbase::object<resource_limits_config_object_type, resource_limits_config_object> {
OBJECT_CTOR(resource_limits_config_object);
id_type id;

  static_assert( config::block_interval_ms > 0, "config::block_interval_ms must be positive" );
  static_assert( config::block_cpu_usage_average_window_ms >= config::block_interval_ms,
                 "config::block_cpu_usage_average_window_ms cannot be less than config::block_interval_ms" );
  static_assert( config::block_size_average_window_ms >= config::block_interval_ms,
                 "config::block_size_average_window_ms cannot be less than config::block_interval_ms" );


  elastic_limit_parameters cpu_limit_parameters = {EOS_PERCENT(config::default_max_block_cpu_usage, config::default_target_block_cpu_usage_pct), config::default_max_block_cpu_usage, config::block_cpu_usage_average_window_ms / config::block_interval_ms, 1000, {99, 100}, {1000, 999}};
  elastic_limit_parameters net_limit_parameters = {EOS_PERCENT(config::default_max_block_net_usage, config::default_target_block_net_usage_pct), config::default_max_block_net_usage, config::block_size_average_window_ms / config::block_interval_ms, 1000, {99, 100}, {1000, 999}};

  uint32_t account_cpu_usage_average_window = config::account_cpu_usage_average_window_ms / config::block_interval_ms;
  uint32_t account_net_usage_average_window = config::account_net_usage_average_window_ms / config::block_interval_ms;

};

   对应的索引:

using resource_limits_config_index = chainbase::shared_multi_index_container<
resource_limits_config_object,
indexed_by<
ordered_unique<tag, member<resource_limits_config_object, resource_limits_config_object::id_type, &resource_limits_config_object::id>>

;

24. resource_limits_state_object  

class resource_limits_state_object : public chainbase::object<resource_limits_state_object_type, resource_limits_state_object> {
OBJECT_CTOR(resource_limits_state_object);
id_type id;

  /**
   * Track the average netusage for blocks
   */
  usage_accumulator average_block_net_usage;

  /**
   * Track the average cpu usage for blocks
   */
  usage_accumulator average_block_cpu_usage;

  void update_virtual_net_limit( const resource_limits_config_object& cfg );
  void update_virtual_cpu_limit( const resource_limits_config_object& cfg );

  uint64_t pending_net_usage = 0ULL;
  uint64_t pending_cpu_usage = 0ULL;

  uint64_t total_net_weight = 0ULL;
  uint64_t total_cpu_weight = 0ULL;
  uint64_t total_ram_bytes = 0ULL;

  /**
   * The virtual number of bytes that would be consumed over blocksize_average_window_ms
   * if all blocks were at their maximum virtual size. This is virtual because the
   * real maximum block is less, this virtual number is only used for rate limiting users.
   *
   * It's lowest possible value is max_block_size * blocksize_average_window_ms / block_interval
   * It's highest possible value is 1000 times its lowest possible value
   *
   * This means that the most an account can consume during idle periods is 1000x the bandwidth
   * it is gauranteed under congestion.
   *
   * Increases when average_block_size < target_block_size, decreases when
   * average_block_size > target_block_size, with a cap at 1000x max_block_size
   * and a floor at max_block_size;
   **/
  uint64_t virtual_net_limit = 0ULL;

  /**
   *  Increases when average_bloc
   */
  uint64_t virtual_cpu_limit = 0ULL;

};

   对应的索引:

using resource_limits_state_index = chainbase::shared_multi_index_container<
resource_limits_state_object,
indexed_by<
ordered_unique<tag, member<resource_limits_state_object, resource_limits_state_object::id_type, &resource_limits_state_object::id>>

;

25. account_history_object
26. action_history_object
27. reversible_block_object  
记录还没变成不可逆的区块,结构如下:

class reversible_block_object : public chainbase::object<reversible_block_object_type, reversible_block_object> {
OBJECT_CTOR(reversible_block_object,(packedblock) )

  id_type        id;
  uint32_t       blocknum = 0;
  shared_string  packedblock;

  void set_block( const signed_block_ptr& b ) {
     packedblock.resize( fc::raw::pack_size( *b ) );
     fc::datastream<char*> ds( packedblock.data(), packedblock.size() );
     fc::raw::pack( ds, *b );
  }

  signed_block_ptr get_block()const {
     fc::datastream<const char*> ds( packedblock.data(), packedblock.size() );
     auto result = std::make_shared<signed_block>();
     fc::raw::unpack( ds, *result );
     return result;
  }

};

   对应的索引为:

struct by_num;
using reversible_block_index = chainbase::shared_multi_index_container<
reversible_block_object,
indexed_by<
ordered_unique<tag, member<reversible_block_object, reversible_block_object::id_type, &reversible_block_object::id>>,
ordered_unique<tag, member<reversible_block_object, uint32_t, &reversible_block_object::blocknum>>

;

以上数据表的初始化工作在controller_impl::add_indices()函数中:

      reversible_blocks.add_index<reversible_block_index>();

      db.add_index<account_index>();
      db.add_index<account_sequence_index>();

      db.add_index<table_id_multi_index>();
      db.add_index<key_value_index>();
      db.add_index<index64_index>();
      db.add_index<index128_index>();
      db.add_index<index256_index>();
      db.add_index<index_double_index>();
      db.add_index<index_long_double_index>();

      db.add_index<global_property_multi_index>();
      db.add_index<dynamic_global_property_multi_index>();
      db.add_index<block_summary_multi_index>();
      db.add_index<transaction_multi_index>();
      db.add_index<generated_transaction_multi_index>();

      authorization.add_indices();
      resource_limits.add_indices();

在authorization_manager::add_indices():

      _db.add_index<permission_index>();
      _db.add_index<permission_usage_index>();
      _db.add_index<permission_link_index>();

在resource_limits_manager::add_indices():

    _db.add_index<resource_limits_index>();
    _db.add_index<resource_usage_index>();
    _db.add_index<resource_limits_state_index>();
    _db.add_index<resource_limits_config_index>();

在transaction执行过程中涉及到的数据及流程如下:
调用controller_impl::push_transaction,在该函数中会生成一个transaction_context类型的变量trx_context, 然后对transaction进行初始化操作:

    transaction_context trx_context(self, trx->trx, trx->id);
         if ((bool)subjective_cpu_leeway && pending->_block_status == controller::block_status::incomplete) {
            trx_context.leeway = *subjective_cpu_leeway;
         }
         trx_context.deadline = deadline;
         trx_context.explicit_billed_cpu_time = explicit_billed_cpu_time;
         trx_context.billed_cpu_time_us = billed_cpu_time_us;
         trace = trx_context.trace;
         try {
            if( trx->implicit ) {
               trx_context.init_for_implicit_trx();
               trx_context.can_subjectively_fail = false;
            } else {
               bool skip_recording = replay_head_time && (time_point(trx->trx.expiration) <= *replay_head_time);
               trx_context.init_for_input_trx( trx->packed_trx.get_unprunable_size(),
                                               trx->packed_trx.get_prunable_size(),
                                               trx->trx.signatures.size(),
                                               skip_recording);
            }

            if( trx_context.can_subjectively_fail && pending->_block_status == controller::block_status::incomplete ) {
               check_actor_list( trx_context.bill_to_accounts ); // Assumes bill_to_accounts is the set of actors authorizing the transaction
            }


            trx_context.delay = fc::seconds(trx->trx.delay_sec);

然后对transaction进行授权检查:

   if( !self.skip_auth_check() && !trx->implicit ) {
               authorization.check_authorization(
                       trx->trx.actions,
                       trx->recover_keys( chain_id ),
                       {},
                       trx_context.delay,
                       [](){}
                       /*std::bind(&transaction_context::add_cpu_usage_and_check_time, &trx_context,
                                 std::placeholders::_1)*/,
                       false
               );
            }
    trx_context.exec();
    trx_context.finalize(); /

在此需要用到上面的global_property_object数据表,然后调用transaction_context::exec()对action进行调用:

    EOS_ASSERT( is_initialized, transaction_exception, "must first initialize" );

      if( apply_context_free ) {
         for( const auto& act : trx.context_free_actions ) {
            trace->action_traces.emplace_back();
            dispatch_action( trace->action_traces.back(), act, true );//action调用
         }
      }

      if( delay == fc::microseconds() ) {
         for( const auto& act : trx.actions ) {
            trace->action_traces.emplace_back();
            dispatch_action( trace->action_traces.back(), act ); //action调用
         }
      } else {
         schedule_transaction();
      }

在transaction_context::dispatch_action中会产生一个类型为apply_context的变量 acontext,调用apply_context::exec()进行真正的action的执行

      apply_context  acontext( control, *this, a, recurse_depth );
      acontext.context_free = context_free;
      acontext.receiver     = receiver;

      try {
         acontext.exec();
      } catch( ... ) {
         trace = move(acontext.trace);
         throw;
      }

      trace = move(acontext.trace);

在apply_context::exec()中会调用apply_context::exec_one() 调用vm借口进入合约层,进行action和数据的解析并执行。
vm会通过注册进入的借口来调用action执行,注册的借口为:

    REGISTER_INTRINSICS(transaction_api,
    (send_inline,               void(int, int)               )
    (send_context_free_inline,  void(int, int)               )
    (send_deferred,             void(int, int64_t, int, int, int32_t) )
    (cancel_deferred,           int(int)                     )
    );

transaction_api接口定义如下:

  class transaction_api : public context_aware_api {
   public:
      using context_aware_api::context_aware_api;

      void send_inline( array_ptr<char> data, size_t data_len ) {
         //TODO: Why is this limit even needed? And why is it not consistently checked on actions in input or deferred transactions
         EOS_ASSERT( data_len < context.control.get_global_properties().configuration.max_inline_action_size, inline_action_too_big,
                    "inline action too big" );

         action act;
         fc::raw::unpack<action>(data, data_len, act);
         context.execute_inline(std::move(act));
      }

      void send_context_free_inline( array_ptr<char> data, size_t data_len ) {
         //TODO: Why is this limit even needed? And why is it not consistently checked on actions in input or deferred transactions
         EOS_ASSERT( data_len < context.control.get_global_properties().configuration.max_inline_action_size, inline_action_too_big,
                   "inline action too big" );

         action act;
         fc::raw::unpack<action>(data, data_len, act);
         context.execute_context_free_inline(std::move(act));
      }

      void send_deferred( const uint128_t& sender_id, account_name payer, array_ptr<char> data, size_t data_len, uint32_t replace_existing) {
         try {
            transaction trx;
            fc::raw::unpack<transaction>(data, data_len, trx);
            context.schedule_deferred_transaction(sender_id, payer, std::move(trx), replace_existing);
         } FC_RETHROW_EXCEPTIONS(warn, "data as hex: ${data}", ("data", fc::to_hex(data, data_len)))
      }

      bool cancel_deferred( const unsigned __int128& val ) {
         fc::uint128_t sender_id(val>>64, uint64_t(val) );
         return context.cancel_deferred_transaction( (unsigned __int128)sender_id );
      }
  };

以上为系统数据表和database交互的模式。

智能合约的持久化存储和database交互

说到智能合约的持久化存储离不开Multi-Index,这个Multi-index是EOS实现的类boost::multi_index_container的功能,定义在: contracts/eosiolib/multi_index.hpp文件中,采用的是hana元编程,我们写的智能合约中的数据就是存储在这个multi_index中的。
该类实现了数据的增删改查接口:emplace,erase,modify,get,find等接口,通过这些接口和database进行交互。

  1. emplace中和database交互的关键代码:

       datastream<char*> ds( (char*)buffer, size );
           ds << obj;
    
           auto pk = obj.primary_key();
    
           //db_store_i64就是和database进行交互的接口
           i.__primary_itr = db_store_i64( _scope, TableName, payer, pk, buffer, size );
    
           if ( max_stack_buffer_size < size ) {
              free(buffer);
           }
  2. erase中和database交互的关键代码:

       eosio_assert( itr2 != _items_vector.rend(), "attempt to remove object that was not in multi_index" );
    
        _items_vector.erase(--(itr2.base()));
    
        //和database进行交互
        db_remove_i64( objitem.__primary_itr );

    其他接口和数据库交互请参看源码。
    multi_index的使用:

    
    class book_manager : public eosio::contract {
    public:
    void create()
    void delete()
    void find()
    private:
    account_name   _contract_name;
    struct book {
     uint64_t            _id;
     std::string         _name;
     EOSLIB_SERIALIZE(book,(_id)(_name));
    }
    typedef eosio::multi_index<N(book),book> _table;

}

大概类似于上面的代码,后面我会出一个详细智能合约开发的例子。EOSLIB_SERIALIZE宏用于序列化book接口,将其转为字节数组。后面我就可以基于_table对book进行管理了,增删改查也会与database进行交互,现在来看一下database提供的api接口,这些接口定义在 libraries/chain/wasm_interface.cpp中:

class database_api : public context_aware_api {
public:
using context_aware_api::context_aware_api;

  int db_store_i64( uint64_t scope, uint64_t table, uint64_t payer, uint64_t id, array_ptr<const char> buffer, size_t buffer_size ) {
     return context.db_store_i64( scope, table, payer, id, buffer, buffer_size );
  }
  void db_update_i64( int itr, uint64_t payer, array_ptr<const char> buffer, size_t buffer_size ) {
     context.db_update_i64( itr, payer, buffer, buffer_size );
  }
  void db_remove_i64( int itr ) {
     context.db_remove_i64( itr );
  }
  int db_get_i64( int itr, array_ptr<char> buffer, size_t buffer_size ) {
     return context.db_get_i64( itr, buffer, buffer_size );
  }
  int db_next_i64( int itr, uint64_t& primary ) {
     return context.db_next_i64(itr, primary);
  }
  int db_previous_i64( int itr, uint64_t& primary ) {
     return context.db_previous_i64(itr, primary);
  }
  int db_find_i64( uint64_t code, uint64_t scope, uint64_t table, uint64_t id ) {
     return context.db_find_i64( code, scope, table, id );
  }
  int db_lowerbound_i64( uint64_t code, uint64_t scope, uint64_t table, uint64_t id ) {
     return context.db_lowerbound_i64( code, scope, table, id );
  }
  int db_upperbound_i64( uint64_t code, uint64_t scope, uint64_t table, uint64_t id ) {
     return context.db_upperbound_i64( code, scope, table, id );
  }
  int db_end_i64( uint64_t code, uint64_t scope, uint64_t table ) {
     return context.db_end_i64( code, scope, table );
  }

  DB_API_METHOD_WRAPPERS_SIMPLE_SECONDARY(idx64,  uint64_t)
  DB_API_METHOD_WRAPPERS_SIMPLE_SECONDARY(idx128, uint128_t)
  DB_API_METHOD_WRAPPERS_ARRAY_SECONDARY(idx256, 2, uint128_t)
  DB_API_METHOD_WRAPPERS_FLOAT_SECONDARY(idx_double, float64_t)
  DB_API_METHOD_WRAPPERS_FLOAT_SECONDARY(idx_long_double, float128_t)

} ;


由上可见database_api调用的是apply_context提供的接口,而appy_context中有database的引用,最终所有的操作都会反映到database中去

转载自:https://github.com/123youyouer/eosex/tree/master/block_chain